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How Monteverde’s Network of Nature Reserves Protects Biodiversity

Written by Erin Raub | Aug 5, 2025 10:26:42 PM

Monteverde is a destination as much as it’s a living tapestry, woven from biodiversity and stitched together by mist, varying elevation, and a powerful conservation ethic. For us at Ocotea Tours & Transfers, as well as for nature lovers and curious travelers, this region reveals something rare: not only one of the most biologically diverse areas on the planet, but one that has been protected, piece by loving piece, through a unique alliance of reserves.

Together, these reserves form a connected web of ecologically critical forest corridors that span multiple life zones and elevations, from lower premontane forests to high-elevation cloud forests. This intricate web is what creates the conditions that make life here so abundant. And thanks to our community efforts, global partnerships, and ecotourism, the region remains a sanctuary for thousands of species.

A Patchwork of Protection: Monteverde’s Four Cornerstones

Monteverde's biodiversity thrives because it’s geographically unique, with a warren of overlapping reserves. Like stepping stones across an ecological map, these protected areas allow wildlife to move freely through varied elevations and ecosystems:

  • The Children’s Eternal Rainforest / Bosque Eterno de los Niños (BEN)


    The largest private reserve in Costa Rica, the Children’s Eternal Rainforest spans over 22,600 hectares (55,845+ acres) and was born from an international children's campaign in the 1980s.

    It all began when a group of Swedish schoolchildren launched a fundraising effort to help protect the Costa Rican rainforest – a movement that quickly spread to classrooms in over 40 countries. Their efforts helped create a reserve unlike any other: a forest of transition between cloud and lowland rainforest, rich in biodiversity and community-driven from the start.

    While it comprises multiple stations, two are accessible from Monteverde: Bajo del Tigre, with its transitional dry forest, and San Gerardo, a Caribbean-slope rainforest filled with epiphytes, amphibians, and birds. Together, these areas represent a vital range of life zones, from dry to humid forest, and protect nearly 5% of the world’s bird species, six species of wild cats, and key migratory corridors.

Day Hike         Night Hike

  • Reserva Santa Elena


    This 310-hectare (766-acre) cloud forest reserve, founded by a local high school and managed by its board, is a model of community-led conservation. Straddling the Continental Divide, the Santa Elena Reserve benefits from both Pacific and Caribbean influences – creating a unique overlap of ecosystems and exceptional biodiversity.

    With 12 km (7.5 miles) of trails through dense epiphyte-laden canopy and three scenic lookouts (including a 13-meter tower), the reserve captures the cloud forest experience at its most ethereal. Furthermore, its elevation (around 1,600m) ensures high humidity and persistent mist, nourishing orchids, tree ferns, and aguacatillo trees (like our eponymous Ocotea tree!) that feed the iconic resplendent quetzal.

Day Hike

  • Reserva Biológica Bosque Nuboso Monteverde


    The best-known of the region’s reserves, the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve helped pioneer conservation in Costa Rica. Founded in the 1970s through the vision and efforts of local Quakers, scientists, and the Tropical Science Center, it now protects more than 10,500 hectares (25,946 acres) of primary forest. 

    As part of the Pájaro Campana Biological Corridor, it plays a vital role in linking highland cloud forest to the mangroves of the Gulf of Nicoya – an essential pathway for wildlife migration and genetic flow. With eleven distinct life zones, Monteverde is a world-renowned center for biodiversity research, education, and conservation monitoring. Educational programs, research stations, and conservation initiatives continue to make it a living classroom and a global reference point for tropical ecology.

Day Hike         Night Hike

  • Reserva Curi-Cancha

    Nestled between the Santa Elena and Monteverde reserves, Curi-Cancha forms a vital middle link in the region’s ecological chain. This 83-hectare (205-acre) reserve protects a mix of 50% virgin cloud forest and 45% regenerating secondary forest, offering visitors a unique window into both undisturbed ecosystems and the hopeful return of wildlife to previously grazed lands.

    Spanning elevations from 1,450 to 1,615 meters, Curi-Cancha harbors both premontane and lower montane wet forests. Its relatively open understory and thoughtfully designed trails make it one of the best places for wildlife viewing in Monteverde. Birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts alike are drawn here for the chance to spot resplendent quetzals, three-wattled bellbirds, motmots, and toucans, as well as agoutis, armadillos, and all three species of monkey that call the region home.

    Learn more about how these reserves form a protective belt across altitudes, climates, and ecosystems – a layered defense that sustains Monteverde’s rich biodiversity.

How Elevation Creates Biodiversity

Monteverde's location on the Continental Divide means that within just a few kilometers, the land drops away steeply toward both the Pacific and Caribbean slopes. This dramatic topography, combined with trade winds that sweep moisture inland from the Atlantic, creates ever-changing climatic zones as you ascend.

This results in a rare phenomenon: distinct life zones layered vertically. As you hike through the reserves, you pass from transitional dry forest (Bajo del Tigre), into premontane rainforest (Curi-Cancha), and up into the mist-drenched cloud forests of Santa Elena and Monteverde. Each zone supports a different suite of species, and some depend on very specific climatic niches that only these cloud forests and transitional forests can provide.

The combination of elevation, moisture, and forest protection has made Monteverde a global biodiversity hotspot:

  • ~3% of the world’s butterflies
  • ~2% of all orchid species
  • ~5% of all known bird species

And that’s all within a region that makes up just 0.00015% of the Earth’s land surface.

Why Connectivity Matters

Individually, each reserve is special. But together, they’re essential. As climate change and development fragment forests elsewhere, Monteverde’s reserves provide a sanctuary of continuity.

Biological corridors like the Pájaro Campana are lifelines for wildlife, allowing migration, breeding, and long-term survival. For species like jaguars, bellbirds, and migratory warblers, these pathways are the difference between isolated populations and thriving ecosystems.

These reserves also protect vital watersheds. The Children’s Eternal Rainforest, for instance, supports hydroelectric power that serves a third of Costa Rica and provides water for countless communities and farms.

Conservation here isn’t theoretical. It’s personal, local, and global all at once.

Explore Monteverde with Ocotea Tours

Want to see how it all connects? Join one our expert naturalist guides for an immersive tour through Monteverde’s changing elevations and ecosystems:

Birdwatching at Reserva Curi-Cancha, where open forest trails offer exceptional views of vibrant toucans, elusive resplendent quetzals, and dazzling hummingbirds amid a chorus of bird calls.

Night walks in the Children’s Eternal Rainforest, a unique transitional forest where nocturnal creatures emerge and bioluminescent fungi create an otherworldly glow along the trail.

Immersive cloud forest hikes in Reserva Santa Elena, tracing mist-shrouded paths that reveal the secrets of epiphytes, orchids, and tree ferns thriving on both the Pacific and Caribbean slopes.

Explorations in Reserva Monteverde, where a blend of eight life zones unfolds and guides share captivating stories about conservation, climate, and the incredible biodiversity that makes this place a global treasure.

Our passionate local guides bring the forest to life – highlighting small details, answering your questions, and helping you grasp not only what you see but why it matters.

A Model for the World

In Monteverde, conservation isn’t confined to park boundaries. It’s a shared philosophy. From the students who founded Santa Elena Reserve and the Children’s Eternal Rainforest to the families who opened their land for science and ecotourism, this region shows what’s possible when people come together to protect something precious.

Each reserve plays a role. Each of you, our guests, supports the mission. And each step you take on the trail helps write the next chapter in Monteverde’s story.

Ready to explore? Join us on the trails and become part of Monteverde’s ongoing story of wonder and conservation.